The impact of oral bacteria and fungi on dental health and the therapeutic importance of meswak root: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Nada Hussain Almorki*, Shuruq Ahmad Muashi, Haya Haif Albishi, Nadia Imdad Ali Bakhsh, Shahad Adil Alghamdi, Sadal Emad Ainoosah, Sahar Yousef Basnawi

Background: Bacteria, fungus, viruses, and other microorganisms make up the oral microbiome, a very complex ecosystem that works together to promote oral health and equilibrium. However, disruptions in the microbial equilibrium can result in oral dysbiosis, which encourages the emergence of serious dental conditions such oral candidiasis, periodontitis, and dental caries. The importance of cross kingdom interactions between bacteria and fungi in the development of biofilms and the course of disease has been brought to light by recent developments in oral microbiology. The antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and plaque-reducing qualities of natural items like Meswak (Salvadora persica) root have garnered significant interest in addition to traditional dental hygiene procedures. Meswak root, which has long been used as a natural chewing stick, includes biologically active substances that may help maintain tooth health and prevent oral microbial colonization. These substances include fluoride, silica, sulfur compounds, alkaloids, and essential oils.

Objective: With a focus on microbial interactions, pathogenic mechanisms, oral biofilm formation, and their clinical consequences in contemporary dentistry, this literature review seeks to objectively assess the effects of oral bacteria and fungi on dental health. The research also examines the medicinal value of Meswak root as a natural antibacterial agent in promoting oral hygiene and managing oral infections.

Main findings: According to available data, periodontal pathogens like Porphyromonas gingivalis greatly contribute to the deterioration of periodontal tissue, while cariogenic bacteria, especially Streptococcus mutans, are crucial in the demineralization of enamel and the development of dental caries. It is becoming more widely acknowledged that fungi, particularly Candida albicans, play a significant role in oral infections and disorders linked to biofilms. Additionally, microbial pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, and disease severity are all increased by synergistic interactions between bacterial and fungal communities. Additionally, research has shown that Meswak root inhibits a number of oral pathogens, including as Candida albicans, Lactobacillus species, and Streptococcus mutans, consequently lowering plaque buildup, gingival irritation, and microbial biofilm development. Meswak’s natural phytochemical components may help maintain periodontal health and remineralization. Meswak root and other natural adjuncts have the potential to improve both preventative and therapeutic dental treatment, as do emerging diagnostic technologies and microbiome-targeted medications.

Conclusion: Both oral health and disease are significantly influenced by mouth bacteria and fungus. Comprehending the dynamics of the oral microbiome and cross-kingdom microbial interactions could aid in the creation of precision dentistry techniques as well as more potent preventative and therapeutic measures. Meswak root’s antibacterial and antifungal properties against oral microorganisms make it a useful natural supplement in oral healthcare. Improved oral hygiene, a lower incidence of disease, and better overall dental health may result from combining ancient herbal methods with contemporary dentistry procedures.