Plant-derived bioactive compounds of Salvadora persica and their role in regulating oral microbial communities: A review

Abstract

Nada Hussain Almorki*, Shuruq Ahmad Muashi, Haya Haif Albishi, Nadia Imdad Ali Bakhsh, Shahad Adil Alghamdi, Sadal Emad Ainoosah and Sahar Yousef Basnawi

Background: Plant-derived natural products have gained increasing attention as sustainable sources of bioactive compounds with applications in human health. Salvadora persica L. (Meswak), a medicinal plant traditionally used for oral hygiene, contains a diverse range of phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, sulfur-containing compounds, essential oils, silica, and fluoride. These constituents exhibit antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities that may influence the composition and function of the oral microbiome. Understanding the biological properties of plant-derived compounds and their interactions with microbial communities is important for developing sustainable alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial agents.

Objective: This review evaluates the phytochemical composition and biological activities of Salvadora persica root, with particular emphasis on its effects against oral bacterial and fungal pathogens. The review also examines the role of plant-derived metabolites in modulating oral biofilms, microbial interactions, and oral health outcomes.

Main findings: Evidence indicates that phytochemicals present in Meswak root possess significant inhibitory activity against major oral pathogens, including Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Lactobacillus spp., and Candida albicans. These bioactive compounds interfere with microbial adhesion, biofilm formation, and pathogen colonization while reducing inflammatory responses associated with periodontal diseases. Studies further suggest that Meswak-derived compounds contribute to plaque control, gingival health, and enamel protection. The antimicrobial efficacy of Meswak highlights the potential of medicinal plants as renewable sources of natural compounds for oral healthcare applications.

Conclusion: Salvadora persica represents a valuable plant resource with significant antimicrobial and antifungal properties that support oral health. Its phytochemical diversity and biological activities demonstrate the potential of plant-derived products as sustainable alternatives or adjuncts to conventional oral care strategies. Further investigations into the mechanisms of action, bioactive constituents, and plant–microbe interactions will enhance the development of phytotherapeutic approaches and contribute to broader applications of medicinal plants in health and biotechnology.