Assimilation apparatus indices of maize plants under conditions of the right bank forest steppe of Ukraine

Table 3. Influence of post-harvest crops and soil tillage on the content of pigments in maize leaves (flowering phase).

Different systems of main tillage and post-harvest crops affected the ratio of chlorophyll “a” and “b”. Ploughing tillage stimulated more even ratio of chlorophyll “а” to “b”. The highest ratio at this tillage is observed in the variants with winter rape for green manure and green fodder and oil radish for green manure and is equal to 2.6. It indicates that ploughing creates more equal conditions for plant growth and development.

Under conditions of chisel tillage higher ratios of chlorophyll “a” to “b” were established. Post-harvest crops especially affected the ratio under this kind of cultivation. Carotenoids play an important role in the process of photosynthesis. They belong to accompanying pigments that complement the function of chlorophyll, without which the process of photosynthesis cannot fully take place.

Carotenoids are involved in oxide-restoration processes and plant growth. It is also known that increased synthesis of carotenoids in plants is a protective response to the action of one or another factor.

The main evaluation criterion of any measures for growing crops is productivity. Different organic fertilizers affect the growth and development of plants differently and it can significantly affect the formation of maize (Tab. 4). As our research showed, the best conditions for the development of maize was with chisel cultivation on the background of green manure of oil radish and winter rape. Thus, the usage of oil radish for green manure provided the highest yield of maize grain-90.6 kg/ha, which is 10.4 kg/ha more than in the control variant. The application of manure and winter rape for green manure provided a slightly smaller, but also significant yield increase, respectively 7.1-10 c/ha and 7.6-9.9 c/ha.

Table 4. Influence of post-harvest sowings and measures of main tillage on maize productivity, t/ha.

Usage of post-harvest crops for green fodder gave a slight increase in yield. A larger increase in maize yield was in the variant with oil radish for green fodder. Different systems of main soil tillage and post-harvest sowings of different forms of usage provide different conditions for plant growth and development, and that is why different yields of maize plants are observed.

The highest yield of maize grain for both chisel tillage and ploughing was in the variant with oil radish for green manure-8.1-8.2 t/ha.

Therefore, as follows from the data presented in Tab. 3, earning crops on green manure has a positive effect on the accumulation of chlorophyll in the corn leaf. Among the measures of tillage is more promising chisel, as in the options with its use against the background of the use of oilseed radish on green manure higher rates are formed.

As can be seen from the data presented in table 4, the yield of corn for grain was directly proportional to the nature of the manifestation of the studied indicators. Thus, the use of oilseed radish on green manure on the background of chisel cultivation provides an increase in the yield of corn for grain due to the accumulation of pigments and carotenoids in the leaves. The increase in yield in comparison with the control was 0.53-0.88 t/ha with ploughing, and 1.0-1.1 t/ha with chisel cultivation. Variants with winter rape for green manure provided a slightly smaller yield increase and respectively amounted to 0.3-0.7 t/ha, 7.6-9.9 c/ha. The usage of post-harvest crops for green fodder gave a slight yield increase. Maize yield increase in the variant with oil radish for green fodder with chisel tillage was 0.2-0.4 t/ha, and with ploughing-0.8 t/ha. In the variant with winter rape for green fodder with chisel tillage the yield increase was within 0.5 t/ha.

Conclusion

Positive effect of post-harvest sowing usage can be explained by creation of close to optimal conditions for water-physical properties and nutrient regime of the soil, which affected the growth and development of maize plants. Usage of green manure also had a significant effect on reducing weeds (Karpenko et al. 2020; Van Der Heijden et al. 2008). Taken together, all created conditions had a positive effect on photosynthetic activity and productivity of photosynthesis. We also found that oil radish and winter rape emit free organic substances, which create positive allelopathic potential of root environment which stimulates the growth and development of maize plants (Karpenko and Rozhko 2015; Kolisnyk et al. 2019). As more and more attention is paid today to the use of additional or alternative sources of organic fertilizers, the use of green manure crops is becoming quite important. Our research proves the prospects for the use of oilseed radish on the background of chisel cultivation.

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