Plant biotechnological tools: Solutions for raising climate-resilient crop plants

Abstract

Ali Raza*

Climate change is the main limiting factor for agricultural production, which constantly affects crop production worldwide (Del Buono 2021). Climate change mainly gives rise to numerous environmental stresses, including both abiotic (high salinity, drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, heavy metals, etc.) and biotic (virus, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, etc.) (Del Buono 2021). These stresses significantly reduce crop productivity by hampering physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms, and develop challenges for food security worldwide.